This showy, dwarf species is often grown in rock gardens, used as an edging or for tubs and pots. We believe that the plant pictured here is Trailing Bellflower (Campanula poscharskyana) but navigating through different flower guides to distinguish it from Adria Bellflower proved difficult and confusing. Hardy, vigorous and persistent, Campanula portenschlagiana is an alpine campanula, easily grown in rock gardens, on walls, in front of borders or even in containers. Campanula poscharskyana Common Name Campanula Key Features Blue Gown is an excellent form of Campanula which has a mass of blue coloured flowers each with a white eye. [4], Species of flowering plant in the bellflower family Campanulaceae, A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, The American Horticultural Society, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Campanula_poscharskyana&oldid=952425360, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Mostly bell See more ideas about campanula, flowers, plants. Small, bright violet flowers appear above the pale green, heart-shaped, strongly notched leaves from June to September. 'Stella' - Flowers large, deep blue. Flowers are lavender-blue and bloom from mid-spring to early autumn. We use cookies on this website, you can read about them here. How to Prune Campanula. It forms a generous, dense mat of small ivy-like leaves Another common name of … What a lovely garden view! The leaves also have a mild flavour but are slightly refreshing. It is native to Dinaric Alps in Eastern Europe in particular Serbian bellflower plants (Campanula poscharskyana) are a great way to add long lasting color to the home landscape.Serbian bellflower care is minimal and the occasional pruning needed to keep the bushes tidy is worthwhile when you consider that the blooms last from late spring to fall. It grows shoots along the ground, about 20–25 cm (7.9–9.8 in) long, which then turn upward, placing the flowers about 10 cm (3.9 in) above ground. Mat forming plants become an all purpose groundcover, spreading by … Campanula poscharskyana 'Stella' Common Name: 'Trailing bellflower' AGM. Plants can be grown from stem cuttings or division of the roots. Looking for an arresting border idea for your garden that... Fragrant and eye-catching! Propagated by segments of stems and roots in spring. It is a cultivar of Campanula poscharskyana (also Groundcover. The plant is grown in northern Europe, either in flowerbeds in gardens or in flower pots on windowsills, although it prefers gravel or sand, to aerate the roots. Leaves are 2.5–4.0 centimetres (0.98–1.57 in) long. Some campanula … Campanula poscharskyana thrives outdoors during summers with short nights, with more light bringing more flowers. While every effort has been made to describe these plants accurately, please keep in mind that height, bloom time, and color may differ in various climates. It is hardy to zone (UK) 3 and is not frost tender. It takes both its common and its scientific name from its bell-shaped flowers — campanula is Latin for "little bell". Grows up to 8-12 in. acaulis (Clustered Bellflower), Athyrium niponicum var. Other than regular water, all Campanula really needs is the occasional shearing to keep tidy. Originated from the Dalmatian mountains in Croatia, the plant is also called Dalmatian bellflower. It is in leaf all year, in flower from July to September. Nice when used as a groundcover over a smaller area, especially under shrub roses. Campanula glomerata 'Superba' (Clustered Bellflower), Campanula persicifolia 'Alba' (Peach-Leaved Bellflower), Campanula lactiflora 'Prichard's Variety' (Milky Bellflower), Campanula glomerata 'Caroline' (Clustered Bellflower), Campanula glomerata var. Campanula trachelium: stems sharply angled, lower leaf blades evidently cordate at the base, and inflorescence a loose raceme of 1-4 flowers from the apex of stems and branches (vs. C. latifolia, with stems bluntly angled, lower leaf blades rounded to cuneate at the base, and inflorescence a collection of solitary flowers in the axils of leaves). Buy Campanula poscharskyana (Serbian Bellflower) online from Jacksons Nurseries. Small, white flowers appear above the pale green, heart-shaped, strongly notched leaves from June to September. Campanula poscharskyana is an evergreen Perennial growing to 0.3 m (1ft) by 1 m (3ft 3in) at a fast rate. Campanula poscharskyana 'Stella' is a tufted perennial with rounded basal leaves and spreading stems bearing loose branches of starry, light violet-blue flowers 2.5cm in width. During winter, no fertilizer is needed, as the plant does not grow bigger at all. There is a vast array of flower color, ranging from blue, white, pink to purple, and flower shapes (tubular, bell, star, cup or saucer shaped). End-of-Season Care: Leave basal growth on C. carpatica, C. poscharskyana, and C. persicifolia for the winter to help protect the crowns of the plants; cut back any dead or unattractive foliage in early spring. Direct sunlight at noon can make it transpire to death, because it gets too warm, as can strong winds, which also dry out the plant. across (2 cm). Medicine: No information. It is hardy to zone (UK) 3 and is not frost tender. Mostly bell-shaped, sometimes they open to be like flat stars. Campanula poscharskyana 'Stella' prefers fully sunny locations with well-drained, not too moist soil. C. poscharskyana - C. poscharskyana is a compact, mound-forming to spreading, deciduous perennial with rounded to ovate, toothed, mid-green leaves and panicles of star-shaped, violet-blue flowers from summer into autumn.. Campanula poscharskyana is: Deciduous Campanula poscharskyana ‘Lisduggan Variety’ Vigorous, spreading perennial with rounded mid-green leaves. Step 3 Plant the cuttings firmly, in multi-purpose compost as they will grow quickly and need the extra feed that this compost offers. Deleting this collection CANNOT be undone. Genus. Chinese Rampion); Leaves, flowers, roots. The leaves are edible year round, and can be put in salads. The species is hermaphrodite (has both male and female organs) and is pollinated by Bees, flies, beetles, Lepidoptera (Moths & Butterflies). Plant Type. Frost’ Vigorous, spreading perennial with rounded mid-green leaves. It is part of the Campanulaceae family of plants. Only plants will be removed from the collection. Campanula punctata White Bells is a compact growing Campanula that blooms with large white tubular bell-shaped flowers enhanced by the dark green foliage from June - October. Check these Great Plant Combination Ideas with Campanula - Bellflowers, A Fabulous Border Idea with Primula vialii (Orchid Primrose), A Fabulous Duo to Try: Rose 'Sharifa Asma' with Campanula, A Fabulous Duo to Try: Campanula and Kniphofia, A Cheerful Summer Border Idea with Easy-to-Grow Perennials, A Super Climbing Duo with Clematis 'Ernest Markham', 1, 1A, 1B, 2, 2A, 2B, 3, 3A, 3B, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 1, 1A, 1B, 2, 2A, 2B, 3, 3A, 3B, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, Campanula portenschlagiana (Dalmatian Bellflower). Cookies, This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google. Campanula poscharskyana 'Stella' Common Name: 'Trailing bellflower' AGM. One of the most deservedly popular of all Bellflowers, award-winning Campanula portenschlagiana (Dalmatian Bellflower) is a very vigorous, low-growing perennial forming evergreen mounds of flaring, bell-shaped, deep lavender flowers, 1 in. Campanula Poscharskyana - Common name:Serbian Bellflower, Bellflower - Half trailing, prostrate growth, able to cling to dry walls. Latin name: Campanula poscharskyana Family: Campanulaceae (Bellflower Family) Edible parts of Trailing Bellflower: Leaves - raw or cooked. Short and sweet, Campanula poscharskyana is a pretty little groundcover. Eight species are native in Belgium but only few are more or less widespread: Campanula cervicaria L., C. glomerata L., C. patula L., C. persicifolia L., C. rapunculoides L., C. rapunculus L., C. rotundifolia L. … Genus Campanula may be annuals, herbaceous or evergreen perennials, with bell or star-shaped, often blue, flowers in late spring or summer Details C. poscharskyana is a spreading perennial forming a low mound of rounded leaves, with spreading stems bearing star-shaped light violet-blue flowers in summer and early autumn Species: Campanula Poscharskyana Order: Asterales Family: Campanulaceae Genus: Campanula Other Names: UK – Serbian bellflower or Trailling bellflower. across (2 cm). A pleasant sweet flavour but the leaves are a little tough. If you provide us with your name, email address and the payment of a modest $25 annual membership fee, you will become a full member, enabling you to design and save up to 25 of your garden design ideas. Arching sprays of small starry pink-purple flowers Common Name: bellflower Family: Campanulaceae Flowers Height It is hardy to zone (UK) 3 and is not frost tender. During winter, it survives best at 5–10 °C (41–50 °F), but can tolerate both colder and warmer temperatures. Love campanulas? Campanula poscharskyana ‘Lisduggan Variety’ Vigorous, spreading perennial with rounded mid-green leaves. Campanula poscharskyana Enlarge picture Vigorous perennial with clumps of sharply-toothed, mid-green leaves. [3], The leaves are edible year round, and can be put in salads. Guaranteed best value, low prices, fast delivery, special offers. Botanical name Campanula poscharskyana Other names Trailing bellflower Genus Campanula Campanula Species C. poscharskyana - C. poscharskyana is a compact, mound-forming to spreading, deciduous perennial with rounded to ovate, toothed, mid-green leaves and panicles of star-shaped, violet-blue flowers from summer into autumn. Physical Characteristics Campanula poscharskyana is an evergreen Perennial growing to 0.3 m (1ft) by 1 m (3ft 3in) at a fast rate. Blooming freely in early to late summer, the abundant flowers are borne on branching stems above a spreading rosette of tiny, heart-shaped, mid-green leaves. We've picked our favourite 10 campanulas to grow, for sun and shade. Create a membership account to save your garden designs and to view them on any device. Click on a characteristic from the list below to see a list of other plants that share that characteristic. The species is hermaphrodite (has both male and female organs) and is pollinated by Bees, flies, beetles, Lepidoptera (Moths & Butterflies). The foliage of Campanula lactiflora may be cut back to 3″ in late fall. Serbian Bellflower has a generally agreeable habit, quickly filling in empty space in a landscape, but not so aggressive that it crowds other things out. Campanula poscharskyana plant characteristics. Confusion is more likely with Campanula fenestrellata (see Dunkel 2006 and Ronse 2006 for more details about their separation). Common name: Bellflower. Serbian Bellflower: USDA Zone: 2-9: Plant number: 1.110.450. Campanula punctata Lam. Campanula poscharskyana. ... Plants that do not lose their leaves. Campanula is thus a genus with a possible unexploited potential as source of medicinal secondary metabolites, as pointed out by Barnaulov et al. Widely appreciated by gardeners, award-winning... Award-winner Campanula glomerata 'Caroline'... Campanula glomerata 'Alba' (Clustered Bellflower)... Campanula glomerata var. = C. takesimana Nakai (Spotted or Korean Bellflower. Campanula poscharskyana "Lisduggan Variety" Common name(s): Serbian Bellflower, Trailing Bellflower Synonyme(s): N/A Family: Campanulaceae Origin: none, cultivar. Campanula Poscharskyana Degen (Serbian or Trailing Bellflower); Leaves. Its largest species diversity occurs in the Mediterranean area and Turkey. Campanula Common name: Bellflower Ranging from robust summer border plants to more diminutive types for rockeries and containers, these easy-to-grow plants have mainly clear blue or white, pink or purple flowers. It requires plenty of water, but cannot handle stagnant water, as it asphyxiates the roots. Latin name: Campanula poscharskyana Family: Campanulaceae (Bellflower Family) Edible parts of Trailing Bellflower: Leaves - raw or cooked. [2], Numerous varieties and cultivars have been developed for garden use, including 'Blue Gown', 'Blue Waterfall', 'Freya', 'E.H. A pleasant sweet flavour but the leaves are a little tough. Culinary: The leaves are edible year round, and can be put in salads. Species. Adria Bellflower, Campanula portenschlagiana, is better known by gardeners as Wall Bellflower and is the most popular of these two species. Nice when used as a groundcover over a smaller area, especially under shrub roses. Campanula poscharskyana Adansa® ‘Purple’ Serbian Bellflower USDA Zone: 3-9 Plant number: 1.111.380 Bellflowers are among the most popular of perennials. Gentle mounds of green leaves are evergreen in milder climates, and liberal sprinkles of periwinkle violet flowers provide repast for hungry pollinators. Campanula poscharskyana, commonly called Serbian bellflower, is a prostrate, sprawling perennial which typically forms a low, mounding ground cover to 4-6" tall (less frequently to 12"). Rock … This flower’s origin comes from the Dinaric Mountains in the former Yugoslavia. It is a valuable plant with lavender-blue flowers in star shapes. One of the most deservedly popular of all Bellflowers, award-winning Campanula portenschlagiana (Dalmatian Bellflower) is a very vigorous, low-growing perennial forming evergreen mounds of flaring, bell-shaped, deep lavender flowers, 1 in. Campanula poscharskyana 'Stella' is a tufted perennial with rounded basal leaves and spreading stems bearing loose branches of starry, light violet-blue flowers 2.5cm in width. Campanula poscharskyana is also known as the Siberian Bellflower or Trailing Bellflower. Botanical name. Dense cushions quickly form. Campanula Campanula. 300 species, all native to northern and temperate regions. They include Campanula poscharskyana (Serbian Bellflower), Campanula portenschlagiana (Dalmatian Bellflower) or Campanula carpatica (Carpathian Bellflower). alba (Clustered Bellflower), Campanula glomerata var. Grade: EN Campanula poscharskyana cv. Campanula punctata Hot Lips will be smothered in tubular bell-shaped, pale purple flowers with dark purple speckles on the inside all summer long. Not sure which Campanula - Bellflowers to pick? pictum (Painted Lady Fern), An Eye-Catching Border with Allium, Salvia and Lavender, Campanula persicifolia (Peach-Leaved Bellflower), Campanula glomerata (Clustered Bellflower), Campanula carpatica (Carpathian Bellflower), Great Flowering Groundcover Plants: Campanulas, Want Garden Inspiration? Thrips and aphids feed on the leaves. Arching sprays of small starry pink-purple flowers Common Name: bellflower Family: Campanulaceae Flowers: June-September Height: 20cm Spread: 45cm Position: Sun or part shade in most soils. across (2 cm). portenschlagiana. Campanula poscharskyana is possibly confused with C. portenschlagiana in Belgium (although it surely is much rarer, in cultivation and as an escape). Trimmed cutting. It makes a very addition to It is fed with fertilizer every second week during summer. Moreover, Campanula Poscharskyana is a low-growing, spreading campanula, and works well in pots and ground. (1996). Braves drop in temperature to -40 degrees. Campanula trachelium: stems sharply angled, lower leaf blades evidently cordate at the base, and inflorescence a loose raceme of 1-4 flowers from the apex of stems and branches (vs. C. latifolia, with stems bluntly angled, lower leaf blades rounded to cuneate at the base, and inflorescence a collection of solitary flowers in the axils of leaves). Note this is the default cart. Campanula pyramidalis L Expert growing advice from BBC Gardeners' World Magazine. It may be fruitful in a survey among Campanula species to search specifically for additional compounds known to occur in, e.g., Platycodon grandiflorum (). Vigorous and fast growing, it is one of the easiest and long-flowering of all rockery plants, and able to stand almost complete drying out once established in a wall. Campanula Poscharskyana (scientific name), also known as Trailing Bellflower or Serbian bellflower, is a semi-evergreen trailing perennial. Product information "Campanula poscharskyana 'E.H. Frost', 'Glandore', 'Lisduggan Variety', 'Senior', and 'Silberregen'. Frost'" This bellflower is a particularly valuable ground cover that spreads like a carpet via runners. Campanula Portenschlagiana (Wall Bellflower) The first member of the family Campanula that I will show you today is the evergreenC. Plants form a spreading patch of small green leaves, bearing loads of starry lavender-blue flowers in late spring. Campanula punctata Lam. across (2 cm). See more ideas about campanula, plants, perennials. This page was last edited on 22 April 2020, at 04:52. We believe that the plant pictured here is Trailing Bellflower (Campanula poscharskyana) but navigating through different flower guides to distinguish it from Adria Bellflower proved difficult and confusing. (1983) and Tada et al. Campanula poscharskyana 'Alba' (White Serbian Bellflower) - This evergreen groundcover is the white form of the Serbian Bellflower native to the northern Balkins. Ranging from robust summer border plants to more diminutive types for rockeries and containers, these easy-to-grow plants have mainly clear blue or white, pink or purple flowers. Habit sends toothed green foliage and blossoms over stone walls, between stepping stones and into rock gardens. Campanula poscharskyana is a low-growing, evergreen perennial plant, spreading freely by prostrate stems to form a dense mat of growth 8 - 15cm tall, exceptionally to 30cm 352 Title Arching sprays of small starry white flowers Common Name: bellflower Family: Campanulaceae Flowers: June-September Height: 30cm Spread: 60-90cm Position: Sun or part shade in most soils. Dramatic and versatile, perennial Salvias are wonderful... Use our interactive toolsto design your dream garden. Campanulas, known to many gardeners as bellflowers, are a group of over 250 species of flowering plants of varying sizes and habit. Dense cushions quickly form, however this variety is not as vigorous as the other varieties and grows closer to the ground. Grows to about 8 inches tall by 36 inches wide with heart-shaped, downy leaves and small, white funnel-shaped flowers spring through fall with peak in mid-summer. A tufted perennial with rounded basal leaves and spreading stems bearing loose racemes of starry, light violet-blue flowers 2.5cm in width in late spring and summer. One of the most deservedly popular of all Bellflowers, award-winning Campanula portenschlagiana (Dalmatian Bellflower) is a very vigorous, low-growing perennial forming evergreen mounds of flaring, bell-shaped, deep lavender flowers, 1 in. Use: Good groundcover or trailing over walls. Confusion Campanula glomerata "Superba," commonly called bellflower or clustered bellflower, produces showy purple and blue flowers, making it a decorative addition to your garden. The cultivar 'Stella' has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit. Not sure which Campanula - Bellflowers to pick?Compare All Campanula - Bellflowers, Buy Campanula portenschlagiana (Dalmatian Bellflower), Great Plant Combination Ideas with Campanula - Bellflowers. Its corollas are much deeper lobed and leaves are double serrate. Even during winter it survives better with plenty of sunlight. It grows shoots along the ground, about 20–25 cm (7.9–9.8 in) long, which then … Trailing bellflower. From June to September carries sprays of large lavender-blue star-like flowers with white centres. Choose your Bellflowers carefully. Campanula portenschlagiana (Serbian Bellflower) is a low-growing, sprawling perennial forming mounds of flaring, star-shaped, pale violet-blue flowers, 1 in. Campanula poscharskyana - Serbian Bellflower. This charming Dalmatian Bellflower is perfect for rock gardens, cascading over walls or raised beds. Its corollas are much deeper lobed and leaves are double serrate. Campanula Care Campanula generally require a sunny position and a fertile soil, they can be cut back after flowering to promote a second flush of flowers and generally are dormant in the winter. This showy, dwarf species is often grown in rock gardens, used as an edging or for tubs and pots. tall (20-30 cm) and 24-36 in. Large rock gardens or sandy banks permit the 2' stems to trail. = C. takesimana Nakai (Spotted or Korean Bellflower. It is in flower from July to August, and the seeds ripen from August to September. Wonderful trailing bell flower featuring dainty blue with white center blossoms reoccurring from spring to fall. It will grow in crevices of a wall with a wonderful effect. Campanula poscharskyana Adansa® ‘Purple’ ... Plants form a spreading patch of small green leaves, bearing loads of starry purple flowers beginning in late spring and blooming for weeks on end. Frost’ Vigorous, spreading perennial with rounded mid-green leaves. Tolerant of dense Campanula poscharskyana 'Stella' prefers … The description of these plants has been written based on numerous outside resources. Lavender-blue, dainty, star-like flowers; Blooms rise slightly above the foliage; Low, trailing, ground cover with rounded, toothed, mid-green leaves, up to 5 cm across; Bloom Time: Late spring to summer; Flower Size: 3 cm; Zone: 4 Height: 15-20 cm Use: Good groundcover or trailing over walls. Join now and start creating your dream garden! Plants form a spreading patch of small green leaves, bearing loads of starry white flowers beginning in late spring and blooming for weeks on end. Will … Nov 28, 2013 - Explore Vaschel's board "Campanula" on Pinterest. In a culture since 1930. More About Campanula poscharskyana. Campanula poscharskyana ‘E.H. Campanula Poscharskyana Degen (Serbian or Trailing Bellflower); Leaves. It’s so great to see small lavender-blue flowers in star-shaped from summer to early autumn. Leaves are 2.5–4.0 centimetres (0.98–1.57 in) long. Although it is considered winter hardy, many growers bring it indoors, and keeps it in slightly moist soil on a windowsill or in the basement under a lamp. Planted 2 small ones in pots last year, called Blue Waterfall, knew they were supposed to spread but thought by leaves or like lamium does, but after things had grown a bit took a look at them and long stems were Campanulate, lilac-blue flowers with flaring, star-shaped lobes (to 1" wide) appear in loose panicles along the stems in late spring. Leaves are 2.5–4.0 centimetres (0.98–1.57 in) long. Campanula (/ k æ m ˈ p æ nj ʊ l ə /) is one of several genera of flowering plants in the family Campanulaceae with the common name bellflower. Gentle mounds of green leaves are evergreen in milder climates, and liberal sprinkles of periwinkle violet flowers provide repast for […] Becoming a contributing member of Gardenia is easy and can be done in just a few minutes. Translated from Swedish and Dutch Wikipedia. It grows shoots along the ground, about 20–25 cm (7.9–9.8 in) long, which then turn upward, placing the flowers about 10 cm (3.9 in) above ground. You can also grow these robust plants to cover your garden or fill cracks in old paving or walls. CAMPANULA POSCHARSKYANA SEEDS (Serbian Bellflower) This astonishingly tough rockery plant bears in spring and summer sprays of violet starry flowers. To use the website as intended please  Accept Small, bright violet flowers appear above the pale green, heart-shaped, strongly notched leaves from June to September. Low and spreading perennials and shrubs. Flowers begin in late spring and continue for weeks on end. Chinese Rampion); Leaves, flowers, roots. This selection is more compact than other varieties and forms a spreading patch of small green heart-shaped leaves, bearing loads of star-shaped, lavender-blue flowers with a white eye. Will sometimes repeat flower in the autumn. To create additional collections, you must be a paid member of our site. It is a cultivar of Campanula poscharskyana (also known as Serbian bellflower or trailing bellflower). across (60-90 cm). Like Campanula portenschlagiana, the trailing bellflower, Campanula poscharskyana, is a mat-forming species and well-suited to growing in the small crevices between paving tiles, bricks and stones. Campanula poscharskyana is possibly confused with C. portenschlagiana in Belgium (although it surely is much rarer, in cultivation and as an escape). A tufted perennial with rounded basal leaves and spreading stems bearing loose racemes of starry, light violet-blue flowers 2.5cm in width in late spring and summer. Campanula L.. Campanula is a genus of ca. Campanula. Other Facts . Arching sprays of small starry white flowers Campanula poscharskyana, the Serbian bellflower or trailing bellflower, is a semi-evergreen trailing perennial, valued for its lavender-blue star-shaped flowers, native to the Dinaric Alps in former Yugoslavia.[1]. Calendar of Care It is in leaf all year, in flower from July to September. 'Frost' - the flowers are white with a blue star in; Campanula poscharskyana cv. Other names. Wonderful groundcover too! They can be eaten raw in salads or used as a green. Starry blue flowers of Campanula Dec 19, 2017 - Explore Roberta Morley's board "Gardening - Campanula", followed by 201 people on Pinterest. Trim the base of the cutting, and if the rosette of leaves is very big, reduce water stress by trimming the leaves down by half. Campanula (/ k æ m ˈ p æ nj ʊ l ə /) is one of several genera of flowering plants in the family Campanulaceae with the common name bellflower.It takes both its common and its scientific name from its bell-shaped flowers—campanula is Latin for "little bell".. Pests. Blooming freely from late spring to early summer, masses of flowers are borne on spreading stems above a … Campanula poscharskyana. Fruiting. Flowers are lavender-blue and bloom from mid-spring to early autumn. Bellflowers are among the most popular of perennials. Campanula latifolia is a PERENNIAL growing to 1.5 m (5ft) by 0.5 m (1ft 8in). Because this is vigorous, keep it away from delicate alpine plants that could be accidentally smothered. It is common to cut the plant down during the fall, to make it conserve energy during winter, and then replant it in spring. Plant Serbian Bellflower in … Campanula poscharskyana ‘E.H. May-Aug. H10cm S45cm. Bell shaped flowers on some species purple to white above heart shaped leaves, most are with upright flower spikes depending on type.