Microstrip Patch Antennas (or simply patch antenna) are increasingly useful because the antenna is printed directly onto a circuit board. It may assume any shape (e.g. What Is Meant By Polarization? Collecting aperture (Ae): It is the addition of above three apertures. Waves propagated over other paths near the earth surface is called ground wave propagation. They are usually employed at UHF and higher frequencies because the size of the antenna is directly tied to the wavelength at the resonant frequency.A single patch antenna provides a maximum directive gain of around 6-9 dBi. How can you improve the SAR? What research are you looking to do in the future? maximum in case of pentagonal microstrip patch antenna with a value 9.0943 dB. Making a great Resume: Get the basics right, Have you ever lie on your resume? Wireless Communication. 4. The radiation field will be produced at a larger distance from the the current element, where the distance from the centre of the dipole to the particular point is very large. What is a quarter-wavelength transformer? Antenna efficiency = Power radiated / Total input Power. Inserting a ferrite core of very high permeability with loop antenna’ s circumference which will rise the magnetic field intensity called ferrite loop. If you double the power of 1 mW, what is that in dBm? 8. Binomial Array:Tapering follows the coefficient of binomial series. Microstrip antennas are relatively inexpensive to manufacture and design because of the simple 2-dimensional physical geometry. A substrate FR4 epoxy with a dielectric constant in the range 2.2 ≤ The value of the relative permeability ( r) depends on the materials which can be copper, silver, gold, aluminium. set of questions I've seen at interviews (quesitons I've given or received). The regions containing the radiations that are present around the antenna are called field zones. Microstrip Antennas. Define Different Types Of Aperture? d. Lens. Top 4 tips to help you get hired as a receptionist, 5 Tips to Overcome Fumble During an Interview. Useful for freshers, students preparing for semester exams, interview, GATE, IES, PSU, UPSC & diploma. Make sure Finally the plane of polarization will usually have changed, this phenomenon is known as Faraday's rotation. The effective height h of an antenna is the parameter related to the aperture. What Is Meant By Radiation Pattern? break a hiring decision. Antenna Radiation Parameters The retarded current [I]=Io exp( jw' ( t - r / c ) ). The required field strength which in turn depends upon the radio noise at the receiving location and type of service involved. Question 93. The energy radiated in a particular direction by an antenna is measured in terms of FIELD STRENGTH. It has been shown by Hansen and woodyard that a large directivity is obtained by increasing the phase change between the sources so that δ = - (βd + π / n ). Question 84. Published February 13, 2017. Question 15. What are avoidable questions in an Interview? The power is given to one element from that other elements get by electro magnetic coupling. List The Applications Of Helical Antenna? Antenna Polarization should all be known. What is 1 mW in dBm? 3. Keywords † Microstrip patch anten na, Rectangu lar patch, It states that the vector product of electric field intensity vector E and the magnetic filed intensity vector H at any point is a measure of the rate of energy flow per unit area at that point. 3.1 Introduction It is the waves originate at a fictitious volume less emitter source at the center ‘O’ of the observation circle. The total beam area (WA) consists of the main beam area (WM) plus the minor lobe area (Wm). What Is Meant By Front To Back Ratio? The radiation intensity is independent of distance. A loop antenna is a radiating coil of any convenient cross-section of one or more turns carrying radio frequency current. Question 2. What Are The Advantages Of Binomial Array? directional,Both the antennas were fabricated using FR4 of dielectric constant 4.6 and thickness 1.6mm. Define Space Diversity Reception? Friis Formula, and In this array the elements are fed parasitically to reduce the problem of feed line. At What Distance From The Dipole Is The Induction Field Equal To The Radiation Field? The total field pattern of an array of non isotropic but similar sources is the product of the. It is defined the angle between the first nulls (or) it is defined as twice the angle between the first null and the major lobe maximum direction. The co -axial feed antenna resonated at 2.4GHz and Microstrip lin e fed antenna resonated at 2.404GHz. What Is Meant By Antenna Beam Width? In broadband dish antenna system, Polarization diversity combined with frequency diversity reception achieve excellent results. What is the bandwidth (in %) for a dipole antenna, patch antenna, and slot antenna? Show me how to impedance match (with lumped components) an impedance I marked on the Smith Chart. Question 11. The ratio of the effective aperture to the physical aperture is the aperture efficiency. The antenna … The radiation resistance of a half wave dipole is given by. Question 78. The effective aperture of a half wave dipole is given by. α, U.Chakraborty . The two fields will thus have equal amplitude at that particular distance. The power radiated from an antenna per unit solid angle is called the radiation intensity U (watts per steradian or per square degree). (E Volts/m). Question 37. Employed at UHF and higher frequencies because the size of the antenna is directly tied to … What is RCS (radar cross section)? (such as wave polarization. What is the difference between Directivity and Antenna Gain? An antenna is a system of similar antennas oriented similarly to get greater directivity in a desired direction. Define Magneto-ions Splitting? Question 62. The presence of near by antenna no.2 induces a current in the antenna no.1 indicates that presence of antenna no.2 changes the impedance of the antenna no.1. rectangular, square, triangular and hexagonal). What Are The Types Of Loop Antennas? It is on many other probes of planets and comets, including moon and mars, being used alone, in arrays or as feeds for parabolic reflectors, its circular polarization and high gain and simplicity making it effective for space application. Ltd. Wisdomjobs.com is one of the best job search sites in India. What Do You Understand By Retarded Current? Consider the microstrip antenna shown in Figure 1, fed by a microstrip transmission line. Question 16. It is made up of direct wave and ground reflected wave. Question 34. When the antenna is receiving with a load resistance matched to the antenna radiation resistance, maximum power is transferred to the load and the power is also re-radiated from the dipole. However, a distance reaches from the conductor at which both the induction and radiation field becomes equal and the particular distance depends upon the wavelength. Design Microstrip Patch Antenna with coaxial feeding. A Compact Microstrip Patch Antenna for . A dipole antenna may be defined as a symmetrical antenna in which the two ends are at equal potential relative to the midpoint. Question 44. The ratio of the main beam area to the total beam area is called beam efficiency. 3 . It usually consists of a metal “patch” on top of a grounded dielectric substrate. Here are a set of actual antenna engineer interview questions, to give you an idea. Question 36. To minimize the fading and to avoid the multi path interference the technique used are diversity reception. What Is The Need For The Binomial Array? The direction of power flow is perpendicular to both the electric field and magnetic field components. Loss aperture (Ae): It is the area of the antenna which dissipates power as heat. Question 6. What are the main types of antenna polarization? What Are The Factors That Affect The Propagation Of Radio Waves? Question 71. Quiz & question bank based on university syllabus covering all lessons, lecture notes, concepts & formula from textbooks. This is one area that can make or What Is Meant By Cross Field? Basically, a microstrip patch antenna is composed of a trace of copper or any other metal of any geometry on one side of a standard printed circuit board (PCB) substrate with other side grounded. The ratio of the major to the minor axes of the polarization ellipse is called the Axial Ratio (AR). Electrical and Electronics Engineering Interview Questions, EDI (electronic data Interchange) Interview Questions, Microwave Engineering Interview Questions, Electrical and Electronics Engineering Practice Tests, EDI (electronic data Interchange) Practice Tests, Business administration Interview questions, Cheque Truncation System Interview Questions, Principles Of Service Marketing Management, Business Management For Financial Advisers, Challenge of Resume Preparation for Freshers, Have a Short and Attention Grabbing Resume. On this page, I'll hit up some of the topics that I consider fair game, along with a I am currently working on Rectangular Patch Antenna when fed with Proximity coupling. Explain why a slot antenna radiates, including the effect of feeding position on the impedance. Read This, Top 10 commonly asked BPO Interview questions, 5 things you should never talk in any job interview, 2018 Best job interview tips for job seekers, 7 Tips to recruit the right candidates in 2018, 5 Important interview questions techies fumble most. It will certainly ease you to see guide microstrip patch antenna by kai as you such as. Visit our Antenna job interview questions and answers page designed by our experts and also those collected from individuals who already attended Antenna jobs, for both freshers and experienced so as to make yourself acquainted with the nature of the interview. Graphical representation of the radial component of the poynting vector Sr at a constant radius as a function of angle is called power density pattern or power pattern. Radiation resistance of a small loop is given by. Dolph Tchebycheff Array: Tapering follows the coefficient of Tchebycheff polynomial. Antenna Basics. Isotropic source radiates energy in all directions but non-isotropic source radiates energy only in some desired directions. Explain why your method works, physically. This is called antenna matching. Related review on Microstrip Patch Antennas 10 B)Microstrip Patch Antenna Design: Microstrip patch antenna consists of very thin metallic strip placed on ground plane where the thickness of metallic strip is restricted by t<< λ 0 and the height is restricted by0.0003λ 0 ≤ .05λ 0 (where λ 0 is wavelength) An array is linear when the elements of the array are spaced equally along the straight line. How Can Freshers Keep Their Job Search Going? microstrip patch antenna is obtained from the following equations from (1) to (4).The microstrip patch antenna width(w) and antenna’s effective dielectric constant ( ) of the patch can be resolute through the equation (1) and (2). Question 7. Tapering is done from center to end. Optimum frequency for transmitting between any two points is therefore selected as some frequency lying between about 50 and 85 percent of the predictedmaximum usable frequency between those points. The radiation pattern of microstrip or patch antenna is broad. Antenna is also said to be an impedance transforming device. What Are The Type Of Fading? Next, some feed modeling techniques are discussed. Question 43. What Is The Radiation Resistance Of A Half Wave Dipole? List Out The Expression Of Beam Width For Broad Side Array And End Fire Array? of (1) Where satellite based data communication. Effective aperture (Ae): It is the area over which the power is extracted from the incident wave and delivered to the load is called effective aperture. Visit Wisdom jobs to look into the various Antenna jobs available along with the training and assessment material for improving your knowledge base and sample resumes for a winning job and Antenna interview questions. They are Elliptical polarization ,circular polarization and linear polarization. 1.1 Merits of Microstrip patch antennas Microstrip antennas are relatively inexpensive to manufacture and design because of the simple 2-dimensional physical geometry. This fact is utilized to minimize fading in radio telegraph circuits. When these modes re-emerge from the ionosphere they recombine into a single plane wave again. It is also called as isotropic source or omni directional radiator or simply unipole. Does chemistry workout in job interviews? Are you curious about what type of questions you could expect for an When δ = - β d, produces maximum field in the direction φ = 0 but dies not give the maximum directivity. Question 94. What Is Meant By Reciprocity Theorem? Give The Expression For The Effective Aperture Of A Half Wave Dipole? The patch may be in a variety of shapes, but rectangular and circular are the most common. Feeding techniques give a better understanding of the design parameters of an antenna. It is also called as distant field or far field. Also called “patch antennas” One of the most useful antennas at microwave frequencies (f > 1 GHz). Top 10 facts why you need a cover letter? Question 21. Question 28. End fire array is defined as an arrangement in which the principal direction of radiation is coincides with the array axis. Attenuation of this wave is directly affected by the constant of earth along which it travels. Finally, whatever you do, make sure you are excited about the interview. Due to the earth’ s magnetic fields, the ionosheric medium becomes anisotropic and the incident plane wave entering the ionosphere will split into ordinary and extra ordinary waves/modes. The effect of this current is not felt instantaneous at a distance point only after an interval equal to the time required for the wave to propagate over the distance r is called the retardation time. Fading is variation of signal strength occur on line of sight paths as a result of the atmospheric conditions. What Are The Different Types Of Aperture? Directivity from beam area (WA). Tutorial of solved problems for oral viva questions. If the radio has a conducted transmit power of 20 dBm, and the antenna efficiency is -3 dB, what is the TRP? Question 51. Question 41. The patch antennas are popular for low profile applications at frequencies above 100MHz. If the result is not what you expect, Question 87. The lowest useful HF for a given distance and transmitter power is defined as the lowest frequency that will give satisfactory reception for that distance and power. The field is given by the expression E will be referred to as array factor. Define Radiation Resistance? Antenna Types, Antenna Measurements. Therefore, we do calculate effective permittivity and effective length during designing the patch antenna. What Are The Types Of Array? The directivity of an antenna is equal to the ratio of the maximum power density P (q,f)max to its average value over a sphere as observed in the far field of an antenna. It requires antennas spaced at least 100λ apart are preferred and the antenna which high signal strength at the moment dominates. Electrically Small loop antennas is one in which the overall length of the loop is less than one-tenth of the wavelength. Question 50. Electromagnetics and Physics. The polarization are three types. Which antennas are renowned as patch ... c. Array. As the distance from the current element or the short dipole increases, both induction and radiation fields emerge and start decreasing. Question 59. The antenna appears to the transmission line as a resistive component and this is known as the radiation resistance. A half wave antenna is the fundamental radio antenna of metal rod or tubing or thin wire which has a physical length of half wavelength in free space at the frequency of operation. 6 things to remember for Eid celebrations, 3 Golden rules to optimize your job search, Online hiring saw 14% rise in November: Report, Hiring Activities Saw Growth in March: Report, Attrition rate dips in corporate India: Survey, 2016 Most Productive year for Staffing: Study, The impact of Demonetization across sectors, Most important skills required to get hired, How startups are innovating with interview formats. It is defined as the ratio of the power radiated in desired direction to the power radiated in the opposite direction. For End fire array the expression for beam width between the first nulls is given by. Physical aperture (Ap): This aperture is a measure of the physical size of the antenna. Question 70. It is an array in which the amplitudes of the antenna elements in the array are arranged according to the coefficients of the binomial series. Antenna Gain, Self impedance of an antenna is defined as its input impedance with all other antennas are completely removed i.e away from it. Maxwell's Equations, properties of plane waves, and basic electromagnetics This field is more effective in the vicinity of the current element only. 5. While the total phase pattern is the sum of the phase patterns of the individual source pattern and array pattern. Discuss how you would impedance match both bands. How can you design a patch antenna to be circularly polarized? What is the impedance of a dipole antenna? The higher the frequency the greater the skip distance. is not what you expect, and it is not the conducted sensitivity or load pull, what could be the reason? The phenomenon of splitting the wave into two different components (ordinary and extra-ordinary) by the earths magnetic field is called Magneto-Ions Splitting. 1, Prof.Jaikaran singh. Question 60. Visit Wisdom jobs to look into the various Antenna jobs available along with the training and assessment material for improving your knowledge base and sample resumes for a winning job and Antenna interview questions. Question 74. It is obtained by three ways: Question 77. Antenna Types, particularly dipole antennas and Microstrip Antennas. What Is Meant By Surface Wave? It became the workhouse of space communications for telephone, television and data, being employed both on satellites and at ground stations. What Is Meant By Effective Height? Waves that arrive at the receiver after reflection from the troposphere region is called Tropospheric wave (i.e. For any layer, the highest frequency that will be reflected back for vertical incidence is. Advantages. Planning for an excelling and compelling career as an Antenna Engineer? What Is Meant By Diversity Reception? patch antenna are -29dB, 150o and 4dB respectively. Construction and working View Microstrip Patch Antenna Research Papers on Academia.edu for free. antenna engineer interview? Question 14. B.Mazumdar. 15 signs your job interview is going horribly, Time to Expand NBFCs: Rise in Demand for Talent. Define Beam Width Of Major Lobe? In Broad side array antennas are fed in phase δ = 0, where as in end fire arrays the antenna elements are fed out of phase i.e. Also the return loss of pentagonal patch is comparable with elliptical patch… List The Arrays Used For Array Tapering? You must also show passion. This field is also known as near field. Question 17. Question 9. Isotropic source is not physically realizable but non-isotropic source is physically realizable. What Is The Condition On Phase For The End Fire Array With Increased Directivity? Side Lobe Ratio is defined as the ratio of power density in the principal or main lobe to the power density of the longest minor lobe. Specifically, The bandwidth [1] when observed is found maximum in pentagonal microstrip patch antenna with a value of 1.24 GHz. 2, Prof.Mukesh Tiwari. Frequency whose period is equal to the period of an electron in its orbit under the influence of the earths magnetic flux density B. Indian Journal of Pure & Applied Physics Vol. 51, November 2013, pp. The effective aperture of a short dipole is given by. Since,the short electric dipole is so short, the current which is flowing through the dipole is assumed to be constant throughout its length. What Is Meant By Uniform Linear Array? Question 63. Ѡ & A.K.Bhattacharjee ¥ Abstract- A single feed compact square microstrip antenna is proposed in this paper. δ = - β d. In broad side array the maximum radiation is perpendicular to the direction of array axis, where as in case of end fire array the maximum radiation is directed along the array axis. Industry Specific - Defense Department Jobs. What Is Meant By Isotropic Radiator? you show that you want the job and like (or better yet, love) what you do. Broad side array is defined as an arrangement in which the principal direction of radiation is perpendicular to the array axis and also the plane containing the array element. Question 38. Antenna beamwidth is a measure of directivity of an antenna. If the elements are fed with currents of equal magnitude and having a uniform progressive phase shift along the line, then it is called uniform linear array. The length of the metal patch is λ/2. The normalized value of the total field is given by, E = ( 1 / n) ( sin (n Ψ / 2) / sin ( Ψ / 2) ). Define Maximum Usable Frequency? What Is Meant By Faraday's Rotation? What Is The Difference Between Isotropic And Non-isotropic Source? Question 76. where β = 2Π / λ and d = distance between the elements. What Are Antenna Field Zones? This effect is called mutual coupling and results in mutual impedance. i.e FBR = Power radiated in desired direction / power radiated in the opposite direction. Question 80. The geometry of the designed microstripline feed microstrip patch antenna is as shown in fig.5. What Is Radiation Resistance ? The ratio of maximum radiation intensity in given direction to the maximum radiation intensity from a reference antenna produced in the same direction with same input power. Why were you interested in that topic? What shapes and materials are good or bad for RCS? What is the difference between a loop antenna and a folded dipole antenna? The maximum Frequency that can be reflected back for a given distance of transmission is called the maximum usable frequency (MUF) for that distance. The amplitude of currents in the linear array source is non-uniform; hence the central source radiates more energy than the ends. The radiation resistance of a loop antenna can be increased by: Question 64. It can not be predicted properly. Do you have a big job interview coming up? When the antenna is excited, the waves generated within the di-electric undergo reflections and the energyis radiated from the edges of the metal patch,which is very low. Antenna Engineers are those individuals who are responsible to research, develop and improve satellites, modems, mobile phones and other communication devices that’s the heart of the current era and thus there are plenty of Antenna engineer jobs to acquire. Give The Expression For The Effective Aperture Of A Short Dipole? What Are The Type Of Ground Wave? The induction field will predominate at points close to the current element, where the distance from the center of the dipole to the particular point is less. What is the FCC limit on SAR? Microstrip line feed Coax feed The beam area or beam solid angle or WA of an antenna is given by the normalized power pattern over a sphere. What Is Self Impedance And Mutual Impedance? Structurally robust and light weight A Microstrip Antenna (MSA) in its simplest form consists of a radiating patch on one side of a dielectric substrate and a ground plane on the other side. The distance with in which a signal of given frequency fails to be reflected back is the skip distance for that frequency. Inverse bending may transform line of sight path into an obstructed one.Multi path fading is caused by interference between the direct and ground reflected waves as well as interference between two are more paths in the atmosphere. Basic Questions (you must know these answers) What is the difference between Directivity and Antenna Gain? Which antennas are renowned as patch antennas especially adopted for space craft ... Microstrip - Patch antennas. Radiation Pattern. This antenna can be fed using coaxial, stripline, aperture-coupling or proximity-coupling methods. Finally, a detailed explanation of Microstrip patch antenna analysis and its theory are discussed, and also the working mechanism is explained. Question 12. Question 66. The Microstrip patch antennas are well known for their performance and their robust design, fabrication and their extent usage. It approximates the pattern of a complicated array without making lengthy computations. Electrically Small loop antennas have small radiation resistances that are usually smaller than their loop resistances. Increasing Microstrip Patch Antenna Bandwidth by Inserting Ground Slots Yahya S. H. Khraisat Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Al-Huson University College, Al -Balqa’ Applied University, Al-Huson, Jordan Abstract Microstrip patch antenna (MPA) is widely implemented in different commu-nication systems. Category > > Category > > antenna & wave Propagation ; q f. Method exploits the fact that signals of slightly different frequencies do not fade together a transition device or a between! Of radiation is coincides with the array length is increased to Increase directivity! Measured in terms of field strength which in turn depends upon the radio has a conducted transmit power of mW... Satellites all have helical antennas lines were Created input power fade together Faraday rotation... The waves originate at a fictitious resistance called called as isotropic source radiates energy only in situation. In this website case of pentagonal Microstrip patch antenna for of ( 1 Where! Said to be an impedance transforming device array source is not what you expect, what effect is the! Helical antennas pattern over a sphere Rise in Demand for Talent are at equal potential relative to the of. By the Expression for beam width for broad side array and End fire array linear... 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Received at different locations do not fade synchronously is going horribly, Time to NBFCs. Area of the earths magnetic flux density B power pattern over a sphere the earths flux... = - β d, produces maximum field in the form of electromagnetic.! Start decreasing array without making lengthy computations to as array factor you have a profile... Of very high permeability with loop antenna emerge and start decreasing ( Ae ): it obtained... Are easily fabricated or better yet, love ) what you expect, what that! - r / c ) ) Neha Patel technique used for reduction of unwanted side lobes thus equal! A detailed explanation of Microstrip or patch antenna, patch antenna in this array Expression... Ratio of the earths magnetic field is more effective in the opposite direction the.... Signals received at different locations do not fade synchronously the total beam area ( WM ) Academia.edu for free (! Also occurs of given frequency fails to be an impedance transforming device = distance between the speed light... Width for broad side array the elements are fed parasitically to reduce the problem feed! By electro magnetic coupling know these answers ) what you expect, what the! For beam width '' between half power beam width '' between half power beam width. ( HPBW.! Also includes the portion of energy received as a result of diffraction around the earth surface and the from. Or conductor of currents in the ionosphere is called surface wave the main beam area or beam solid angle WA! Will be reflected back for vertical incidence is radiates, including the of. Dimension comparable to λ ) radiated / total input power supplied to the power radiated in the linear as. Source is physically realizable WM ) plus the minor axes of the oscillating voltage and current relationship... You get hired as a receptionist, 5 tips to Overcome Fumble during interview... The Axial ratio ( AR ) the loop is less than one-tenth of the is... = - β d, produces maximum field in the vicinity of the 2-dimensional. Receptionist, 5 tips to help you get hired as a symmetrical antenna which... Receiver after reflection from the reference antenna with a dielectric material in-between a... On Academia.edu for free charges of opposite sign oscillating up and down in a particular direction an. The condition for increased directivity Microstrip lin E fed antenna resonated at.!, properties of plane waves, and slot antenna radiates, including effect! Overall length of the polarization ellipse is called beam efficiency reduction of unwanted side lobes a Virtual fairs! Be mounted to flat surfaces fading in radio telegraph circuits in radio telegraph circuits circular are far... Broad side array the Expression for beam width for broad side array Expression! Fumble during an interview area to the power radiated in desired direction to the lobe. The impedance radiation field is measured in terms of field strength which turn... And effective length during designing the patch may be in a harmonic motion, to give you an.! Vicinity of the current element or the short dipole of power flow is perpendicular to the physical size the... Of beam width. ( HPBW ) frequency diversity reception achieve excellent results satellites all helical! Gate, IES, PSU, UPSC & diploma linear array as the radiation resistance of metal... A variety of shapes, but rectangular and circular are the Factors that Affect the Propagation of waves... Ms. Neha Patel back for vertical incidence is the radio has a conducted transmit power of dBm. The transmission line very widespread within the mobile phone market interview coming up about the interview seldom employed transmission. Is called ground wave Propagation ; q element or the short dipole 1 ] when observed is found in. The phenomenon of splitting the wave into two different components ( ordinary and extra-ordinary ) the. Faraday 's rotation feeding position on the Smith Chart radiating coil of convenient! Be defined as a symmetrical antenna in which power is given by highest frequency that will referred! To give you an idea some desired directions get Ready for a Virtual job fairs radiates fields uniformly in directions... Give the Expression for beam width between the first nulls is given by the earths flux! Case of pentagonal Microstrip patch antenna are -29dB, 150o and 4dB respectively ) what the! Satellites including weather satellites, data relay satellites all have helical antennas Where Rr is a technique used reduction. Value of the earths magnetic flux density B are easily fabricated making them cost.... Total field pattern of a Small loop antennas is that they are Elliptical polarization, circular and. Reflection from the upper atmosphere effect is responsible for that frequency is more effective in opposite! This distance is given by the constant of earth along which it travels fictitious resistance called as! Recombine into a Full Time job and data, being employed both on satellites and at ground.. The aperture =Io exp ( jw ' ( t - r / c )! Looking for in the future low radiation elements get by electro magnetic coupling O. System of similar viva questions on microstrip patch antenna oriented similarly to get Ready for a Virtual job Fair, Smart tips help... The required field strength which in turn depends upon the radio has conducted... Propagation objective questions ( you must know these answers ) what you expect, what effect responsible!