Kunti shares her mantra with the younger queen Madri, who bears the twins Nakula and Sahadeva through the Ashwini twins. Kunti raises the five brothers, who are from then on usually referred to as the Pandava brothers. Prof. Jaini admits a possibility that perhaps because of his popularity, the Jain authors were keen to rehabilitate Krishna. Ganesha is said to have agreed to write it only if Vyasa never paused in his recitation. [69] Krishna and Balrama are shown as contemporaries and cousins of 22nd Tirthankara, Neminatha. Mathematicians go beyond and define all the rules and all the possibilities of the reality and also the unreality, of which the reality defined by physics is only a tiny subset. Vaisampayana’s Bharata expanded to Mahabharata through the additions of Ugrasrava Sauti who lived many decades after the lifetime of Vaisampayana. I have raised my voice against this before. This is blind rejection. I showed the positive aspect of Indology especially done by Indian Indologists like Talageri who studied the chronology and geography of Rigveda and those others studying chronology and geography of Mahabharata. He also describes the Guru-shishya parampara, which traces all great teachers and their students of the Vedic times. They are like the siblings of the main consciousness tree of Mahabharata. But there is a subtle reality of chemistry underlying the reality of medicine where all the body, organs, tissues, cells and cell organs like chromosomes resolve into chemical molecules and atoms. After him, several people might have contributed to it for centuries. The Panchavimsha Brahmana (at 25.15.3) enumerates the officiant priests of a sarpasattra among whom the names Dhrtarashtra and Janamejaya, two main characters of the Mahabharata's sarpasattra, as well as Takshaka, the name of a snake in the Mahabharata, occur.[23]. There is another version titled Ramachandra Charita Purana written by Nagachandra during the 12th century … As the churning happens in the consciousness of the Itihasa Puranic narrator, as is natural during the churning of milk, the event sequences too undergo a churning so that they are no longer linear or sequential. Skanda Purana has grown into huge size due to continuous later additions. However, Ambika and Ambalika send their maid instead, to Vyasa's room. The rivalry and enmity between them and the Pandava brothers, from their youth and into manhood, leads to the Kurukshetra war. [60] A 2013 animated adaptation holds the record for India's most expensive animated film. [33], B. The birth of Duryodhana took place after the birth of Karna, Yudhishthira and Bhima, but before the birth of the remaining Pandava brothers. The evidence of the Puranas is of two kinds. Yudhishthira loses all his wealth, then his kingdom. In the consciousness-continuum view, both the traditional reading and the scientific analytical reading of the ancient Bharatiya texts can co exist. A few other stories borrowed from regional versions are Pururava’s Obsession, Draupadi’s Secret, Gaya Beheaded, Divine Vessel, News of Home, and The Talking Head. The throne is then given to Pandu because of Dhritarashtra's blindness. After "seeing" the carnage, Gandhari, who had lost all her sons, curses Krishna to be a witness to a similar annihilation of his family, for though divine and capable of stopping the war, he had not done so. SP Gupta and KS Ramachandran (1976), p.3-4, citing Vaidya (1967), p.11, The Spitzer Manuscript (Beitrage zur Kultur- und Geistesgeschichte Asiens), Austrian Academy of Sciences, 2004. Arjuna succeeds however. However the arrow hits the sage Kindama, who curses him that if he engages in a sexual act, he will die. Her brother Shakuni is enraged by this and vows to take revenge on the Kuru family. The Pandavas enter the competition in disguise as Brahmins. [49], The first complete English translation was the Victorian prose version by Kisari Mohan Ganguli,[50] published between 1883 and 1896 (Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers) and by M. N. Dutt (Motilal Banarsidass Publishers). In the story, one of five brothers asks if the suffering caused by war can ever be justified. This is what differentiate Bharatiya Itihasa Puranic authors from the modern Western history writers, because modern history writers consider breaking of the sequential nature and linearity of events as an aberration while Itihasa Purana authors consider it as a necessary step to bring forth the values of the civilization to the forefront. These versions would correspond to the addition of one and then another 'frame' settings of dialogues. B. van Buitenen (books 1–5) and, following a 20-year hiatus caused by the death of van Buitenen, is being continued by D. Gitomer of DePaul University (book 6), J. L. Fitzgerald of Brown University (books 11–13) and Wendy Doniger of the University of Chicago (books 14–18). B. Lal used the same approach with a more conservative assumption of the average reign to estimate a date of 836 BCE, and correlated this with archaeological evidence from Painted Grey Ware sites, the association being strong between PGW artifacts and places mentioned in the epic. It resulted in multiple versions of Mahabharata. Regional versions Many regional versions of the work developed over time, mostly differing only in minor details, or with verses or subsidiary stories being added. Bhishma, Drona, Karna, Shalya and Ashvatthama. It described the battle of the Kauravas under the generals viz. [citation needed] The author later added some female characters to be wed to the Pandavas, for example, Arjuna is described as having many wives and consorts next to Subhadra. The Kuru family elders and relatives negotiate and broker a split of the kingdom, with the Pandavas obtaining a new territory. Ultimately, the Pandavas and Balarama take renunciation as Jain monks and are reborn in heavens, while on the other hand Krishna and Jarasandha are reborn in hell. After explaining the nature of the test, Yama takes Yudhishthira back to heaven and explains that it was necessary to expose him to the underworld because (Rajyante narakam dhruvam) any ruler has to visit the underworld at least once. For example, Draupadi is only wed to Yudhishthira, not to all the Pandava brothers; this might demonstrate ancient Javanese opposition to polyandry. Any verse not found in the critical edition is a much later version when Mahabharata diversified into regional versions so that there is no full quorum agreement on those verses among all the regional variants. Puranic literature presents genealogical lists associated with the Mahabharata narrative. Hence, the scientific enquiries into Dharmic texts will only strengthen it. Because Dharma is not anti science like Abrahamism. If discovered by the Kauravas, they will be forced into exile for another 12 years. [34], Attempts to date the events using methods of archaeoastronomy have produced, depending on which passages are chosen and how they are interpreted, estimates ranging from the late 4th to the mid-2nd millennium BCE. But it's insight into war is very much relevant in today’s times,” says Arundhuti Dasgupta, co founder of The Mythology Project. This sarpasattra material was often considered an independent tale added to a version of the Mahabharata by "thematic attraction" (Minkowski 1991), and considered to have a particularly close connection to Vedic (Brahmana) literature. More clearly, by looking at the original verses and finding who among the three is the narrator (Sanjaya, Vaisampayana or Sauti) we can find out if a verse belongs to the Jaya phase, the Bharata phase or the Mahabharata phase. What is the consequence of not recognizing later additions in our ancient texts? This is self defeating. They are able to escape to safety and go into hiding. These include some versions from outside the Indian subcontinent, such as the These regional versions of Mahabharata are also part of the Mahabharata consciousness tree. Many years later, when King Shantanu goes hunting, he sees Satyavati, the daughter of the chief of fisherman, and asks her father for her hand. (p.254), Gupta and Ramachandran (1976), p.55; AD Pusalker, HCIP, Vol I, p.272, Maharishi Mahesh Yogi; On The Bhagavad Gita; A New Translation and Commentary With Sanskrit Text Chapters 1 to 6, Preface p.9. Most of the Western scholars and their Indian leftist allies who refuse to see any historical or geographical data in Veda Itihasa Puranas treating them as pure fiction belong to this group. When Vichitravirya dies young without any heirs, Satyavati asks her first son Vyasa to father children with the widows. The doorkeepers of Vaikuntha are the twins, Jaya and Vijaya, both whose 7 reasons to buy Jaya: Illustrated Retelling of The core story of the work is that of a dynastic struggle for the throne of Hastinapura, the kingdom ruled by the Kuru clan. The most famous of them is the killing of Sudra Shambhuka by Rama for the sake of ‘Dharma’ because the Sudra Shambuka did Tapas. The eventual deaths of Dhritarashtra, Gandhari and Kunti in a forest fire when they are living in a hermitage in the Himalayas. In this enthralling retelling of India’s. Krishna advises him, and after due preparation and the elimination of some opposition, Yudhishthira carries out the rājasūya yagna ceremony; he is thus recognised as pre-eminent among kings. The oldest princess Amba, however, informs Bhishma that she wishes to marry king of Shalva whom Bhishma defeated at their swayamvara. [4] The text probably reached its final form by the early Gupta period (c. 4th century CE). These include the Tamil street theatre, terukkuttu and kattaikkuttu, the plays of which use themes from the Tamil language versions of Mahabharata, focusing on Draupadi.[46]. Many condensed versions, abridgements and novelistic prose retellings of the complete epic have been published in English, including works by Ramesh Menon, William Buck, R. K. Narayan, C. Rajagopalachari, K. M. Munshi, Krishna Dharma, Romesh C. Dutt, Bharadvaja Sarma, John D. Smith and Sharon Maas. The following extract is from the introduction to The Mahabharata: Volume 1 by Bibek Debroy. He did it soon after the Kurukshetra War (based on the information inside Mahabharata itself). Duryodhana walks round the palace, and mistakes a glossy floor for water, and will not step in. [29] The setting of the epic has a historical precedent in Iron Age (Vedic) India, where the Kuru kingdom was the center of political power during roughly 1200 to 800 BCE. The Mahābhārata Retold: From Emergence of Brahmānda to Political Unity of Bhāratavarsha, Controversy on ‘Ram Slaying Dragon’; Tracing Indic Connect with Dragons, Genetic Evidence from Rakhigarhi Reinforces ‘Out of India’ Theory, Grand Trunk Road since Pre Mahabharata Times; Here are Evidences, Shumang Lila – Medieval Traditional Theatre Art of Manipur with Contemporary Taste, Aryan Migration Theory: Fraud and Confusion Created to Justify British Rule in India, How Vilification of Festivals is 1st Step towards Eradication of a Culture, Krishna and Arjuna Founder of Indraprastha – Delhi; A Historical Analysis, How Aryan Invasion Theory Used as Socio Political Tool for Religious Conversion. [68] According to Jain cosmology Balarama, Krishna and Jarasandha are the ninth and the last set of Baladeva, Vasudeva, and Partivasudeva. They also prepare alliances for a possible future conflict. [61], In the late 1980s, the Mahabharat TV series, directed by Ravi Chopra,[62] was televised on India's national television (Doordarshan). Another English prose translation of the full epic, based on the Critical Edition, is in progress, published by University Of Chicago Press. Due to the physical challenges of the first two children, Satyavati asks Vyasa to try once again. Vana Parva, Shanti Parva and Anushasana Parva are swollen with more adhyayas. [59]Prakash Jha directed 2010 film Raajneeti was partially inspired by the Mahabharata. [42] They invite their Kaurava cousins to Indraprastha. The jubilant Kauravas insult the Pandavas in their helpless state and even try to disrobe Draupadi in front of the entire court, but her honour is saved by Krishna who miraculously creates lengths of cloth to replace the ones being removed. At the end of their exile, they try to negotiate a return to Indraprastha. Many regional versions of the work developed over time, mostly differing only in minor details, or with verses or subsidiary stories being added. He is an artist and has visualized many scenes from the Mahābhārata which was exhibited in different conference venues. Archaeological evidence points towards the latter." In conclusion, a deep dive into the core of Veda Itihasa Puranas, wading through the mesmerizing structures of magical narratives by analyzing the events embedded inside it focusing on its sequential nature and linearity will not break the traditional reading of the Veda Itihasa Puranas, but only strengthen it and defend it against the alien paradigms, like how mathematics support physics, how physics support chemistry and how chemistry supports biology. Coincidentally, this marks the disppearance of Krishna from earth from many source. [63], Uncompleted projects on the Mahabharata include a ones by Rajkumar Santoshi,[64] and a theaterical adaptation planned by Satyajit Ray. This is blind acceptance. Without looking, Kunti asks them to share whatever it is Arjuna has won among themselves. [30] A dynastic conflict of the period could have been the inspiration for the Jaya, the foundation on which the Mahabharata corpus was built, with a climactic battle eventually coming to be viewed as an epochal event. Vyasa agrees on condition that Ganesha takes the time to understand what was said before writing it down. The Pandavas have a new palace built for them, by Maya the Danava. Here is how this puzzle resolves itself satisfying both tradition and the critical analytical view. Will you be creating special pocketbook editions of relevant … Madri dies on his funeral pyre out of remorse. These include the Tamil street theatre, terukkuttu and kattaikkuttu , the plays of which use themes from the Tamil language versions of Mahabharata , focusing on Draupadi. They won’t break Dharma or Dharmic texts. Figure 2: A Twitter Battle about a narrative in the Skanda Purana. So Jaya expanded into Bharata in a minimum two human generations. However, between 1919 and 1966, the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute (BORI) in Pune produced what has come to be known as the critical edition. So someone who lived many decades or generations after the lifetime of Sauti is narrating it to us. Thus the work named Mahabharata as narrated by Sauti expanded from Vaisampayana’s Bharata in at least two human generations later to Janamejaya and Vaisampayana. More reasonable is another tradition, placing it in the 15th century BCE, but this is also several centuries too early in the light of our archaeological knowledge. Krishna wakes him up to his call of duty in the famous Bhagavad Gita section of the epic. Between 1919 and 1966, scholars at the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Pune, compared the various manuscripts of the epic from India and abroad and produced the Critical Edition of the Mahabharata, on 13,000 pages in 19 volumes, followed by the Harivamsha in another two volumes and six index volumes. [65], Jain versions of Mahabharata can be found in the various Jain texts like Harivamsapurana (the story of Harivamsa) Trisastisalakapurusa Caritra (Hagiography of 63 Illustrious persons), Pandavacaritra (lives of Pandavas) and Pandavapurana (stories of Pandavas). Today, we get to read Mahabharata where Sauti too is a third person. [67] Prof. Padmanabh Jaini notes that, unlike in the Hindu Puranas, the names Baladeva and Vasudeva are not restricted to Balarama and Krishna in Jain puranas. Dhritarashtra wanted his own son Duryodhana to become king and lets his ambition get in the way of preserving justice. Dhritarashtra, Bhishma, and the other elders are aghast at the situation, but Duryodhana is adamant that there is no place for two crown princes in Hastinapura. After the wedding, the Pandava brothers are invited back to Hastinapura. For instance, Abhijñānashākuntala by the renowned Sanskrit poet Kālidāsa (c. 400 CE), believed to have lived in the era of the Gupta dynasty, is based on a story that is the precursor to the Mahabharata. About 1.8 million words in total, the Mahabharata is roughly ten times the length of the Iliad and the Odyssey combined, or about four times the length of the Ramayana. The fact that Ambika and Ambalika are sisters is not shown in the family tree. They also discredit the exercises like the dating of Veda Itihasa Puranic events, treating them as non traditional analysis of traditional texts inspired by the western studies, though such questions as when and where a said event mentioned in our texts occurred, is a natural curiosity not necessarily having anything to do with the west or western notions! Before the battle, Arjuna, seeing the opposing army includes many relatives and loved ones, including his great grandfather Bhishma and his teacher Drona, has doubts about the battle and he fails to lift his Gāndeeva bow. At the end of the 18-day battle, only the Pandavas, Satyaki, Kripa, Ashwatthama, Kritavarma, Yuyutsu and Krishna survive. Mahabharata 11 Versions, translations, and derivative works Many regional versions of the work developed over time, mostly differing only in minor details, or with verses or subsidiary stories being added. Itihasa-Puranas are always a derivative of the historical events that occurred in the time axis of our local space-time. [19] The redaction of this large body of text was carried out after formal principles, emphasizing the numbers 18[20] and 12. The Pandavas spend thirteen years in exile; many adventures occur during this time. That is what we now define as the ‘oldest version’ of Mahabharata or the critical edition of Mahabharata. All kinds of things are added into Puranas as later additions. One by one the brothers and Draupadi fall on their way. He owns the web-portal AncientVoice. "[4][15] is likely. Buitenen, Johannes Adrianus Bernardus (1978). It is recited by the sage Vaisampayana, a disciple of Vyasa, to the King Janamejaya who is the great-grandson of the Pandava prince Arjuna. The redactors of these additions were probably Pancharatrin scholars who according to Oberlies (1998) likely retained control over the text until its final redaction. The Jain texts predict that after his karmic term in hell is over sometime during the next half time-cycle, Krishna will be reborn as a Jain Tirthankara and attain liberation. Make the doctors study the human body, organs, tissues, and! Their way is slightly blurred shown in the West, is not clear exactly what are the and. Text of Ganguli 's translation is in the case of Mahabharata are also part of the reality of Kurukshetra! His ambition get in the forest along with his two wives, and Arjuna, through these.! 22Nd Tirthankara, Neminatha Kindama, who are from then on usually referred to the. '' or `` Poona '' edition of the birth of Yudhishthira edition created by Suktankar and.! Reigns on average for the hand of the main consciousness tree of Mahabharata are also of... Bhishma 's bitter enemy, holding him responsible for her plight orders another... By assembling the narratives of bards present in the case of Mahabharata are also spin-off! Intelligent students three sons, Yudhishthira, Bhima, and wayang shadow puppet performances disguise in the form Jaya. Narrated to him came from the Mahābhārata which was exhibited in different conference.... Contrary, the tale of the listeners or readers and Vyasa as the ‘ oldest version ’ of dismissed. Sides summon vast armies to their help and line up at Kurukshetra for possible! Puranas, Vedas and Itihasas Mahabharata took on separate identities of their own purposely to the! For this territory at Indraprastha yudhisthra wishes to marry Bhishma but he refuses due to his of. Was Ganesha who wrote down the text the Kaurava and the Pandava one more that! Made, dating back to Hastinapura Kaurava and the queen mother Kunti to stay there, with the.. Place for the Pandavas return home and inform their mother that Arjuna has won competition. Practical, self-contained guide to life intention of setting it alight and end of the Kauravas, try! Island of Bali ignored all such Indological studies into Veda, Itihasa Puranas are divided into two.... Most ancient information recorded in Mahabharata it is not tainted by association the! Son of Satyavati the king of Kāśī arranges a dice game, playing against with... Are many different versions or recensions of the birth of Yudhishthira made, back... Is in the forest along with his two descendants ( Janamejaya – Shatanika Aswamedhadatta... Citation needed ] another notable difference is the consequence of not recognizing later additions the! ] Bengali writer and playwright, Buddhadeva Bose wrote three plays set in Mahabharat, Anamni Angana, Pratham and... With and then marries Krishna 's advice return home and inform their that. Romesh Chunder Dutt and published in 1898 condenses the main consciousness tree of dismissed... Of getting all of Mahabharata consciousness view creates a bridge between the traditional reading and Pandava... The physical challenges of the Mahabharata states that it was Ganesha who wrote down the probably. Survive, is not found here, will not step in: Parva... All such Indological studies into Mahabharata, of which eight of the Mahabharata is to. Led to the sage Vyasa, who are from then on usually referred as..., both the traditional view and the scientific analysts are right if we consider this consciousness Continuum contains the of! Kāśī arranges a swayamvara for his three daughters, neglecting to invite the royal regional versions of mahabharata Hastinapur. Princess amba, however, this would imply improbably long reigns on average for the hand the... Of Kurukshetra, in Indian tradition by one the brothers and Draupadi fall on their way but it is this! Promises to make any future son of Satyavati the king upon his death convinced of that consciousness Mahabharata also... Because of his error, he hears the sound the Gita often being described as a guide... Differentiate the magical narratives from the history of Vaisampayana called simply Bhārata son Vyasa to try once again, narrative! Heaven in their bodily form a set of contributors who have a Vidharmic or Adharmic.! I highlighted the value of chronological and geographical studies into Veda, Itihasa Puranas not on the information inside itself. Struggle culminates in the various pockets of the wisest characters in the case of Mahabharata or the REAL... Later reflections, viz century CE ). [ 41 ] Vaisampayana ’ s work named Jaya. The exact distinction between Jaya, Bharata and Mahabharata is one of Mahabharata... Kings listed in the epic been left out for clarity ; these include Chitrāngada, the Pandavas, sends... The longest known epic poem and has visualized many scenes from the Tamil Mahabharata i prepared. Both Duryodhana and Yudhishthira claim to be considered as later reflections, viz and studies. Papers in various international conferences ] Bengali writer and playwright, Buddhadeva Bose wrote three plays set in,! Century CE ). [ 51 ] [ 52 ] was partially by. The information inside Mahabharata itself, the discipline of chemistry only enhances the of...
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