3“Battle Of El Alamein – World War II – HISTORY.Com.” HISTORY.com. The port was frequently bombarded by artillery, dive-bombers and medium bombers, as the RAF flew defensive sorties from airfields far away in Egypt. [74] Italian casualties from 15 February to 18 November were 1,130 killed, 4,255 wounded and 3,851 missing. Siege of Tobruk | The Australian War Memorial. Bedouin tracks linked wells and the more easily traversed ground; navigation was by sun, star, compass and "desert sense", good perception of the environment gained by experience. The Allies selected another line about 2 mi (3.2 km) back from the perimeter and worked on this while the original line was refurbished. A scholar of German and Italian politics and strategy throughout World War II, he is a freelance writer on historical subjects and … This was the stage of the battle where axis forces were making their move against allied forces. [33] JG 27 suffered the loss of four fighters, three damaged and three pilots killed. The road could flood, was vulnerable to the DAF and alternative desert tracks increased vehicle wear. The force was to use depots at Msus, Tecnis, Martuba, Mechili and Tmimi, El Magrun and Benghazi as a substitute for lorry-borne supply. At 8:00 p.m. on 30 April, the divisions were to break into the Tobruk defences, followed by assault groups from the Ariete Division and 27th Infantry Division Brescia to roll up the flanks. The Halfaya Pass attack failed, Point 206 was captured and only one of three attacks on Hafid Ridge succeeded. [46], After the failure to capture Tobruk off the march, Comando Supremo and OKW agreed that Tobruk should be captured and supplies accumulated, before the advance into Egypt was resumed. On the run-in, there were no lights to guide them in, because the advance Folbot section had been delayed, when their submarine HMS Triumph had to dive and take evasive action when it was mistakenly attacked by Allied aircraft. Tobruk and El Alamein book. He also lost over 450 tanks and 1,000 guns. During the El Alamein campaign half of Rommel's 100,000 man army was killed, wounded or taken prisoner. And they did that until the 11th of November when the battle ended. The blow mostly fell on empty desert and gave the Eighth Army time to regroup and re-arm. No. During early 1941, much of the Western Desert Force (WDF) was sent to the Greek and Syrian campaigns. Siege of Tobruk. Download books for free. In May-June, the victory at Ain-el-Gazzala led to the fall of Tobruk, which seemed to open the gates of Egypt. Command in Egypt was taken over by Lieutenant-General Richard O'Connor and the XIII Corps HQ was replaced by the HQ of the 1st Australian Corps (Lieutenant-General Thomas Blamey). [34]Sturzkampfgeschwader 3, another Stuka wing arrived in Africa in the summer. The axis forces also lost 254 guns and 84 aircraft in total. N.p., 2017. [52], The Twin Pimples was a defensive strong point outside Tobruk, on two hills close together which overlooked the Tobruk perimeter. So commanders planned that troops should capture the northern corridor whilst Australians would attack at night in the south to plan a crumbling. These losses on the German side meant that tanks that would otherwise be used in the European theatre of battle especially against the Russians on the eastern front were destroyed.Furthermore by removing the Germans and Italians from Egypt crude oil was harder for these axis forces to source. Allied air reconnaissance had observed German troops west of El Agheila on 25 February and by 5 March, it was expected that the German commander would consolidate the defence of Tripolitania before trying to recapture Cyrenaica and then invade Egypt, using bases at Sirte and Nofilia but not before April. [40][41] The lack of fighters made for a straight battle between the gunners and German pilots. [2], In spring and summer, days are miserably hot and nights very cold; the Sirocco (Gibleh or Ghibli), a hot desert wind, blows clouds of fine sand, which reduces visibility to a few metres and coats eyes, lungs, machinery, food and equipment; motor vehicles and aircraft need special oil filters and the barren ground means that supplies for military operations have to be transported from outside. Neame received conflicting reports about the positions of the Allied and Axis forces and news on 5 April that a large Axis force was advancing on El Abiar led him to order the 9th Australian Division back to Wadi Cuff and the elements of the 2nd Armoured Division to guard the desert flank and retire to Mechili. There were four 25-pounder regiments, two anti-tank regiments and an anti-tank company in each infantry brigade, the British 4th Anti-Aircraft Brigade had sixteen heavy and fifty-nine light guns, all but two Bofors guns being sited around the harbour. [44], The Bardia raid was planned for the night of 19/20 April, by 'A' Battalion, Layforce to disrupt Axis lines of communication and damage installations and equipment. [38] The squadron involved, the 239 Squadriglia was the successful unit, which became among the most successful over Tobruk. Operation Sonnenblume (6 February – 25 May 1941), forced the Allies into a retreat to the Egyptian border. The defeat of the Afrika Korps at El Alamein initiated a … [16] With seven Axis divisions, air and naval units, 70,000 long tons (71,000 t) of supplies per month were needed. 39 Squadron lost three bombers and 14 squadron one for a total of 31 aircraft. In early March, the 9th Australian Division began to relieve the 6th Australian Division (Major-General Iven Mackay) at Mersa Brega for shipment to Greece, which demonstrated the difficulty of tactical moves with insufficient transport and it was withdrawn to the area east of Benghazi. Control of Tobruk was useful to the Allies because it was the only significant port east of Benghazi and west of Alexandria. The Battle of El Alamein (Arabic:معركة العلمين) was a battle during the Western Desert Campaign fought in 1942.A crucial battle between the weakened German forces and the resurgent British, the battle marked a major turning point in the campaign, ending Axis hopes of occupying Egypt, taking control of the Suez Canal, and gaining access to the Middle Eastern oil fields. [63], On 22 November, the Bologna Division repulsed an attack from Tobruk towards Sidi Rezegh and next day, Rommel sent the Afrika Korps towards the Egyptian border (the Dash to the Wire) to exploit the victory and destroy XXX Corps. Rommel decided to abandon Tobruk and withdraw to Gazala, which led to the relief of Tobruk and the occupation of Cyrenaica. A Squadron of the LRDG had appeared from the south, to harass Axis movements. The Break In,At 9:40pm Egyptian time on the 23rd of October an a thousand gun barrage went on for twenty minutes and this lead to a total of 529,000 shells being fired by the end. Once ashore the Commandos found that the port was empty of Axis forces and faulty intelligence led to some objectives being missed and others turning out not to exist. ROMMEL'S AFRIKA KORPS EL AGHEILA TO EL ALAMEIN GEORGE R. BRADFORD NEW UNREAD. The Australians expected an attack, after withstanding bombing and artillery-fire on the perimeter defences on 29 April; Axis troops seen massing in the evening of 30 April had been dispersed by artillery-fire. An Ancient Greek agricultural colony, Antipyrgus (Ancient Greek: Αντίπυργος) was once on the site of modern Tobruk, and the ancient name is still occasionally in use. After another two days, 73 Squadron was down to five operational aircraft with very tired pilots. [8], Lack of transport made it impossible to supply a garrison west of El Agheila, the most favourable position for a defensive line and restricted the 2nd Armoured Division to movement between supply dumps, reducing its limited mobility further. Neame was to fight a delaying action up the Via Balbia towards Benghazi and then the defiles near Er Regima and Barce; the tanks would move to Antelat to operate against the flank and rear of an attacker moving up the road or across the desert to Tobruk, falling back on a flank if necessary. [7], The 2nd Armoured Division had a reconnaissance regiment and the 3rd Armoured Brigade (Brigadier Reginald Rimington), which had an under-strength light tank regiment and one equipped with captured Fiat M13/40 tanks. [67][68], The Tobruk Ferry Service, made up of Royal Navy and Royal Australian Navy warships, played an important role in the defence of Tobruk providing gunfire support, supplies, fresh troops and by ferrying out the wounded. 2 “El Alamein Battles.” Australian war memorial. 8 Commando was selected to carry out an attack on the Twin Pimples, which conducted patrols for several days with the Indians, to reconnoitre the ground. Reconnaissance Unit 3 went on to Bardia, and a composite force was sent on to Sollum to try to reach Mersa Matruh. Air Marshal Arthur Longmore cabled the Air Ministry in London. Web. During this battle there were many casualties of man and machine the 9th armoured brigade was further reduced to 24 tanks left. The Axis army of Italy and Germany suffered … The battle was a offensive by the British and commonwealth and the United States of America against Italy and Germany. In an example, the gunboat Ladybird, sunk in shallow waters to her deck by II./StG 2, was able to use her 3-inch deck guns. The 9th armoured brigade which started with 130 tanks reached its objective with 94 operational tanks. Gambier-Parry and 2,700–3,000 British, Indian and Australian troops surrendered to the 17th Infantry Division Pavia (General Pietro Zaglio). Like the other soldiers sappers were among these troops charged to clear a path for the armoured vehicles. With Fausto Tozzi, Rossana Rory, Gabriele Tinti, Matteo Spinola. N.p., 2017. The attack succeeded in breaking up the German advance. The Italian fortifications at Tobruk included an outer perimeter, comprising a double semi-circle of dug-in strong points with concrete walls, positioned well for forward observation, an inner anti-tank ditch, some parts of which were behind barbed wire and/or included booby traps, as well as several more fortified positions closer to the port, at the Bardia–El Adem road junction and towards Fort Pilastrino.[6]. This ariel bombardment was followed by artillery firing a total of 15,000shells. At the same time a company of the 2/23rd Battalion advanced across the Derna road and in a costly attack, took about 100 prisoners from the 27th Infantry Division Brescia, which led the Germans to hurry on the 15th Panzer Division from Tripoli. [40], In March, destroyers were withdrawn from the Inshore Squadron to escort convoys to Greece and in April, four more ships joined the squadron. [43] From 11 April – 10 December, 47,280 men were taken from Tobruk, 34,113 were brought in and 33,946 long tons (34,491 t) of stores delivered; 34 ships were sunk and 33 damaged. The password Jock was used when a position had been taken and the Italians were swiftly overcome. [19], A cadre of the British 3rd Armoured Brigade was refitting at Tobruk, with personnel and equipment sent from Egypt by sea and had a regiment of armoured cars, two composite regiments with 15 light, 26 cruiser and a troop of four infantry tanks. A small force held El Adem, south of Tobruk to observe the approaches from the south and south-west and at Mechili, Gambier-Parry had the 2nd Armoured Division headquarters soft-skinned vehicles and a cruiser tank, most of the 3rd Indian Motor Brigade, M Battery 1st Royal Horse Artillery, part of the 2/3rd Australian Anti-tank Regiment and elements of other units. Axis forces re-captured the port on 21 June 1942, after defeating the Eighth Army in the Battle of Gazala. Fought near the western frontier of Egypt between 23 October and 4 November 1942, El Alamein was the climax and turning point of the North African campaign of World War Two (1939-45). The arrival of two German fighter wings (Jagdgeschwader 27 and Zerstörergeschwader 26) near Tobruk allowed the enemy formations to arrive at great height within ten minutes of an air raid warning, leaving British fighters at lower altitude and a great disadvantage. An attack by the Ju 87s sank the Latona (2,650 t) with a direct hit—though the vessel could reach 40 knots. In November, a five-ship convoy was sunk during Operation Crusader and ground attacks on road convoys stopped journeys in daylight. Paulus judged that the attack had failed and Rommel decided to attack on the right to widen the breach. [9], Neame was ordered to conserve the tanks units, retire as far as Benghazi if pressed, to abandon it if necessary and hold the high ground nearby for as long as possible, with no prospect of reinforcement before May. [22], The defeat of the Axis attacks in April greatly improved the situation in Tobruk but Fliegerkorps X had sent 150–200 aircraft to Libya from Sicily in February, which flew frequent dive-bomber sorties by day and medium-bomber raids by day and night on the docks, buildings, anti-aircraft sites, artillery positions and the airfields. Available at: https://www.awm.gov.au/articles/encyclopedia/tobruk [Accessed 3 Aug. 2017]. Other reports led Neame to countermand these orders, which caused the Australians much confusion. If not, the Italian infantry would dig in on the flanks and artillery would be moved forward for an attack the next day. The coast group failed to capture the bottom of the Halfaya Pass. In 1940 a British offensive in the Western Desert provoked a major Italian military disaster. In the morning, the 132nd Armoured Division Ariete attacked again and some tanks reached the most advanced Australian posts, found that their infantry had not followed and retired after five tanks were knocked out. Bloomsbury Publishing, Jan 20, 2013 - History - 96 pages. On 27 April, Major-General Friedrich Paulus a Deputy Chief of the General Staff, arrived from Oberkommando des Heeres (OKH) in Berlin, to question Rommel on his intentions, impress on him that there was little more help available and to forecast the defensive possibilities of the area, if Sollum was lost. The Allies had 969 casualties, 27 cruiser and 64 Infantry tanks were knocked out or broke down and lost; the RAF lost 36 aircraft. Most of the garrison was pinned down and after a second attempt at 8:00 a.m. when small parties of the 2nd Royal Lancers escaped. On 27 November, Tobruk was relieved by the Eighth Army (which controlled British and other Allied ground forces in the Western Desert from September 1941) in Operation Crusader. The Italians had only the one design, while the Germans relied on their Mark III and Mark IV, which, unlike earlier British tanks, had been designed from the outset to accommodate upgrades in armour thickness and gun … The garrison on the east side of the Tobruk defences was strengthened in case of a sortie and a German counter-attack recovered Musaid. In a report on 12 May, Paulus wrote that sea communications between Italy and Libya should be reinforced, that any air and anti-aircraft units sent to Libya should be German and that the army in Libya needed ammunition, fuel and food first, then more vehicles before the dispatch of more men, of whom medium artillery and anti-tank gun crews should have priority. [71] In Australia in the War of 1939–1945 (1967) the Australian Official History, Maughan recorded 9th Australian Division casualties from 8 April – 25 October, including two days before the siege started, as 746 killed, 1,996 wounded, 604 prisoners, that 507 Australians were captured between 28 March 1941 and the investment of Tobruk and 467 more were taken during the siege. [online] Awm.gov.au. BALLANTINE AFRIKA KORPS DAK ROMMEL NORTH AFRICA TOBRUK MONTGOMERY EL ALAMEIN. It was planned that the 70th Infantry Division would break out from Tobruk on 21 December, to cut the German line of communication to the troops on the border to the south-east. "[28] On 1 May, for example, 274 Squadron lost all six Hurricanes it sent on a single mission when a flight of Bf 109s from JG 27 led by Gerhard Homuth, and containing the most successful fighter pilot in Africa, Hans-Joachim Marseille, engaged them from a superior altitude over Tobruk. The distance between Tobruk and El Alamein is 494 km. The Australian 9th Division, led by Lieutenant General Leslie Morshead, played a key role in two of these battles, enhancing its reputation earned defending Tobruk during 1941. A record amount of supplies arrived in June but at the front, the shortages worsened. [33] The Regia Aeronautica's 151 Gruppo reported two aircraft destroyed and one damaged. The ALAMEIN CREMATION MEMORIAL, which stands in the south-eastern part of El Alamein War Cemetery, commemorates more than 600 men whose remains were cremated in Egypt and Libya during the war, in accordance with their faith. III/StG 1 and II/StG 2 lost eight between them while III/ZG 26 reported three destroyed and one damaged, two killed, one wounded and three captured. Tanks of the 15th Panzer Division, tried to drive north but were prevented by anti-tank fire. [62] The central attack by the Black Watch, involved a charge under massed machine-gun fire to strongpoint Tiger, which incurred 201 casualties. A sand sea 150 mi (240 km) inland marked the southern limit of the desert, which was at its widest at Giarabub and Siwa; in British parlance, the Western Desert came to include eastern Cyrenaica in Libya. The axis ordered an attack against the allied forces and they managed to recapture some hills from the allies. [36] On 4 May the Hospital ship Kapara (846t) was damaged evoking fury on the Allied side. The Australian withdrawal began in the August non-moon period and from 19–29 August, 6,116 men of the Polish Carpathian Independent Rifle Brigade and Czechoslovak 11th Infantry Battalion and 1,297 long tons (1,318 t) of stores were landed. The plan assumed that it would take 15 minutes for Italian artillery to open fire and the raiders were only about 100 yd (91 m) away, when the Italian shelling began. [54], The Commandos advanced at 11:00 p.m. on the night of 17/18 July and crossed the Italian lines undetected. [3][4] German engines tended to overheat and tank engine life fell from 1,400–1,600 mi (2,300–2,600 km) to 300–900 mi (480–1,450 km), which was made worse by the lack of standard parts for German and Italian types. ISBN 978-1-86448-039-9. 1 “Second Battle Of El Alamein.” En.wikipedia.org. [56] On 12 May, the Tiger convoy lost one ship and arrived in Alexandria with 238 tanks, to re-equip the 7th Armoured Division and 43 aircraft; on 28 May, planning began for Operation Battleaxe.[57]. As the retreat continued, every gun and aircraft at Tobruk fired into the area and the German 8th Machine-Gun Battalion lost about 75 percent of its men including its commander Gustav Ponath, for a garrison loss of 26 men killed, 64 wounded, two tanks and a field gun knocked out. Tobruk and El Alamein (Australia in the war of 1939-1945) [Maughan, Barton] on Amazon.com. [53] The 18th Cavalry Regiment was to mount a diversion, while 43 members of No. Diversionary actions extended to Benghazi (Operation Bigamy), Jalo oasis (Operation Nicety) and … On 17 June, the Allies evaded encirclement by two Panzer regiments and ended the operation. The posts either side of Ras el Medauar were shelled and bombed and German troops began to dribble forward, under cover of dust and the gathering darkness. This battle was divided into five phases know as the break-in,the crumbling,the counter,operation supercharge and breakout. This item is available to borrow from 1 library branch. The axis forces retreated and planned to rendezvous with other forces. As night fell the British tanks disengaged and the New Zealand Division, fighting at the south-east end of the corridor into Tobruk, was endangered by the Afrika Korps. For the rest of April, naval bombardments continued along the Libyan coast on the Via Balbia, airfields and ports. The Axis siege of Tobruk began on 10 April, when the port was attacked by a force under Generalleutnant Erwin Rommel and continued during three relief attempts, Operation Brevity (15–16 May), Operation Battleaxe (15–17 June) and Operation Crusader (18 November – 30 December). Battle Orders: Rommel's Afrika Korps : Tobruk to el Alamein 20 by Pier Paolo Bat. The attack was to be conducted by the 7th Armoured Division and a composite infantry force based on the 4th Indian Division headquarters, with two brigades. Pier Paolo Battistelli. The 7th Armoured Brigade and a battery of field artillery turned to meet this threat and without the tanks, the northward attack by the Support Group failed; by the end of the day, the 7th Armoured Brigade had only 40 of 160 tanks operational. A garrison, consisting mostly of the 9th Australian Division (Lieutenant-General Leslie Morshead) remained at Tobruk, to deny the port to the Axis, while the WDF reorganised and prepared a counter-offensive. The gunners spread their fire from side to side, to prevent German pilots from travelling down the side of the barrage and sliding in underneath it. The Commandos of 'A' Battalion and a troop of tanks from the Royal Tank Regiment were to land on four beaches from Landing Craft Assault (LCA). , operation Skorpion, a five-ship convoy was sunk by 239 Squadriglia,. 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